Documento di indirizzo per la redazione di linee guida sui nuovi compiti di tutela del paesaggio da parte del Ministero dell’Ambiente
Paesaggio e identità nazionale
Sono pagine bellissime quelle in cui un grande poeta europeo, Wolfang Goethe, racconta il suo viaggio in Italia, un viaggio a piedi e lento da Milano a Palermo. In Italia, ci dice il grande poeta romantico, c’è like magic, a miracle which falls from the beautiful city and works of art: there is the uniqueness of a landscape made possible by a remarkable interweaving of an extraordinary nature - gentle valleys, rich vegetation, mild in climate - and a culture and history that have been able to act as "second nature", or as a system of human gestures that mimics and enhances but does not attack the "first" nature. Natural species, the geographical environments and peoples lives have found a contamination and a merger, resulting in a mosaic from which the villas of Lucca, the elaborate gardens, fields and gardens populated with homes and olive groves as well as the backgrounds of beautiful paintings Leonardo, Tiziano, Giorgione painting events in which the human in the foreground seems to spring from the trees, rocks, storm horizon. Thanks to this miracle Italy throughout the nineteenth century was a popular destination of the "Grand Tour", a privileged place for a training experience that involved the intellectual aristocracy of Europe: poets, writers and, especially, the "Best of Youth" . Beauty, memory, and this extraordinary harmony, this rich biodiversity of nature and culture, magnificent even when it was discovered that later, clerics and educated travelers increasingly shifted routes to the south, a "south of desire," come scrisse Friedrich Nietzsche, dove le asprezze, le rigidità e qualche conformismo della mitteleuropa si spezzavamo di fronte al chiarore del sole, all’azzurro del mare, ritrovando gioia, sensualità, nuova vitalità. Un Sud sulle cui sponde arrivavano le spezie, gli odori, i colori dell’Africa, dove la musica era malinconia araba, dove il fuoco e le nevi dell’Etna rammentavano la Grecia, dove ogni antro, ogni fiume, ogni foresta nascondevano una ninfa o una sirena, rappresentando una inedita ospitalità, una capacità di meticciato, il duplice valore di chi, consapevole di una identità, sa colloquiare con la differenza.
Fu certo per questo che Concetto Marchesi, il grande latinista e studioso the classical world, a noble of the Fathers of the Italian Communist movement, fought to enter the Constituent Assembly, the assets protected by the Republic, the landscape. In a memorable debate that lasted more than six months and that saw him clash with the Hon. Clerici quipped that the excessive emphasis on the theme, Marchesi motivated commitment to protection of the new Republic (and hence the inclusion in the Constitution of what was then Article 9), emphasizing that it was not just a demand for beautiful souls turned to aesthetic purposes (in the law of '39 was part of the landscape even in the category of "natural beauty), but a battle for identity, Defence of the highest civic values. In fact, the landscape could be based on a new ethical ideas of community, the idea of \u200b\u200ba harmonious and cohesive country not by military but by the fascist heritage and memorial left by the Fathers.
After nearly fifty years, aware of the dangers of anomie, accreditation, Americanization put in place by the great uprooting, which is inherent in the processes of globalization, the European Union back on this idea of \u200b\u200blandscape as a foundation of community of member countries. In turning a document - The European Landscape Convention Council of Europe (2000), ratified by Italy in 2004 - and starting with a definition entirely new landscape seen as "part of a territory, as perceived by the people, whose characters are the result of natural and human actions and their relationships" (a 'systemic idea that, by focusing on the two concepts " social perception of the landscape "and" Environment ", can bind the natural landscapes and cultural landscapes are linked to the social community), emphasizes the need to establish the region as one of the" original property "of the Old Continent to give legal recognition to: a "common good" to be protected as an essential component of people's living environment, the expression of diversity of their shared cultural and natural heritage and foundation of their identity "(art. 5).
The natural landscape and beauty
The word "landscape", reminds us Luisa Bones, is a word that in European languages, is marked by a singular ambivalence. It designates both the territory and its representation charged with aesthetic values. This makes the landscape, across the modern tradition, was understood not as an "environment", or "a combination of trees and hills, streams and stones," but as a "cultural form", even a "symbolic form", to quote George Simmel (Philosophy of the landscape, 1912), or an outdoor space that is, yes, but at the same time, in part, to the unconscious wish, the dream-like feeling, the soul itself of an individual or a civilization. What is it in fact is so the look, the visual and subjective value (usually the beauty). No coincidence that the window is the privileged point of view in paintings: the window that delimits what, at the same time, nature and vision.
Coming mainly from a philosophical matrix, also the Italian tradition of landscape protection has put his ideas on the preservation of contemplation and an appreciation of beauty. In this sense it was the first law designed to protect the countryside (the 778 of 11 June 1922), submitted in 1920 by the philosopher Benedetto Croce, then Minister of Education last Giolitti government. Cross, recalling the need to defend and emphasizing the natural and artistic beauty of Italy and to the moral grounds of "public economy", took the landscape as a "view", making the material and visible representation of the country, the "face beloved homeland. " And the law Bottai, which is characterized crusaders, identified to protect the landscape "with the natural beauty considered as key and so those points of view or of viewpoints available to the public from which to enjoy the spectacle of such beauty "(Act June 29, 1939, n.1497, Article 1).
Moreover, the model vedutistico of landscape as a "lookout" and "panorama", works especially in Italy because of the quality of his "first" nature. It just shows it with the characters of beauty and the sublime: that is, as Kant teaches us, harmony, dell'apollineo of measured. It 's a nature that they can embrace with her eyes, calm and friendly, but also varies so reassuring and well governed by man. A female nature that is both attractive and generous mother, as part of Leonardo che abbiamo scelto in epigrafe: fruttifera e rotonda, come le uova; morbida anche fra gli alberi, nel verde, che si presenta non sotto le sembianze della foresta misteriosa e illegale o del bosco selvatico e oscuro, ma del “giardino italiano”. Essa parla di una biodiversità assoluta che però, dalla montagna alpina, densa di pascoli e frutteti, agli Appennini fitti di boschi misti di rovere, lecci e castagni, alla boscaglia maremmana, mantiene un andamento dolce e familiare anche quando si rivolge al Sud, formando un paesaggio di alberi educato e profumato: mandorli, fichi, noci, ulivi grandi come sculture umanizzate e avvolte nell’odore caldo e sensuale dei limoni e delle zagare.
Questo paesaggio naturale is now protected for about 20% from an ecological network of protected areas, reserves, special protection areas and sites of Community interest. Appreciation for classic beauty, has been added in recent years, it has committed to protection, even a tradition that has underlying ecological thinking, and that means the beauty - as he explains Giuseppe Prestipino - as "the singularity that extends into all to find balance, friendship, ontological commonality of all living beings, the beauty so common as belonging to the "Great Chain of Being," a constellation where the man (human animal) intertwines his life with other lives, "with the beautiful famiglia” di vite delle piante, delle stelle, degli altri animali. Tale tradizione ha trovato la sua migliore affermazione nella Legge 394 del 1991 sulle “aree naturali protette” intese come valori intrinseci, “valori in sé” avulsi dal criterio dell’utile (o dell’economico, del vantaggioso, del salubre) da consegnare come tali alle future generazioni.
La legge 394 ha portato alla costituzione in sistema dei primi parchi nazionali e ha indicato modi nuovi e forme avanzate di gestione (le “comunità del parco”) per la conservazione dei grandi paesaggi naturali: veri e propri Paradisi, scenari incontaminati di bellezza in cui può ancora sopravvivere una parte di Natura sottratta alla manipolazione umana e destinata alla contemplazione (una contemplazione viva, fatta di passeggiate e godimento e osservazione e studio e gioco). Ad essa si sono poi aggiunte la Direttiva Habitat del ’92 – che assume gli impegni di Rio di protezione della biodiversità - e il D.P.R. di recepimento n.357 del 1997 che, proteggendo i corridoi ecologici, le piste per le migrazioni, le enclaves delle specie, ha contribuito in qualche modo a difendere anche il paesaggio naturale. Come anche fa l’ultimo Decreto Ministeriale (frutto della passione ecologica di questo Governo) sui “Criteri minimi uniformi per la definizione di misure di conservazione relative a Zone speciali di conservazione e Zone di protezione speciale”, del 17 ottobre 2007), a decree strongly opposed by lobbies hunters, owners of quarries and the new business of wind power.
Although this has not mitigated the risk of decay for the whole of the Italian landscape. Which is losing many of the same features that have made recognizable through the centuries. First, it is dramatically simplified, losing a lot of the biodiversity that set him apart from other European countries and the world. Some data provided by Agnoletti Mauro, coordinator of the Commission on the landscape created in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in some hilly areas of Tuscany, where up to all 800, in an area of \u200b\u200babout mille ettari si potevano contare almeno 24 tipi di seminativi erborati, 25 tipi fra pascoli e prati, 6 tipi di boschi, per un totale di 65 usi diversi del suolo organizzati in circa 600 tessere di un ricchissimo mosaico paesaggistico, ora ce ne sono solo 18”. Ciò è accaduto perché fuori dai parchi e dalle zone protette è avvenuto uno scempio e il sistema della tutela basato sulla bellezza e sulla conservazione della natura ha rivelato le sue maggiori inadempienze.
Esso infatti non si è occupato del cosiddetto “paesaggio minore”, il paesaggio che non corrisponde al canone di eccellenza estetica o monumentale, né presenta un particolare pregio naturale, ma comunque ha a che fare con la sicurezza idrogeologica, con reproduction of natural resources, with the context of cities, with their responsiveness to the genius loci. Perceived as a mere environment, this type of landscape is attacked every day from the waste, the cement industry, the criminal fires, by wind farms, industrial real power, thanks to the perverse mechanism of green certificates will thrive even without a paddle wind. So much to suggest, as argued by Alberto Magnaghi, in Italy there is "a kind of dual system: one part where small portions of land are preserved as museum exhibits Nature (parks, protected areas, biotopes) and history (monuments centers, historical, archaeological), other large portions of territory where the rules provide for the systematic destruction of Nature and History. "
The Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape can overcome this gap. It, among other things, provides a new leading role of the Ministry of Environment, which called to copianificare with the Regions and the Ministry of Culture on the landscape, can claim to protect and recover, together with excellent landscapes, including natural landscapes degraded landscapes posturbani, former rural landscapes, landscapes where you hit all these years in the worst of the model of production and consumption. In this sense we are working on a series of initiatives to protect the countryside, "child" (draft recovery blades and tracks, recovery of swallow, neviere, tanks, extension of the ravine in the park, requisition of abandoned military areas). Among these is particularly dear to the one linked to the project "Mediterranean ideal" that provides for the recovery of five lights (in Otranto, Genoa, Tunis, Gibraltar, Alexandria) from a museum ethos of friendship and the Mediterranean. It 'an international project that looks to Italy but to provide an alternative model to the intended use of the Agency-owned property for 200 Italian lighthouses that, without concessions to private property, they would become centers of hotels or restaurants.
3. The agricultural landscape. In
"landscape less" we can also classify the agricultural landscape, which he held until recently most of the Italian territory. In fact it is equally neglected. The loss of biodiversity and the complexity of the magnificent Italian garden is due to the fact that the rural landscape has dramatically simplified: a phenomenon caused by the massive industrial agriculture proceed, requiring specialized crops (monocultures: wheat, corn, soy, and now, rapeseed and sunflower oil to make biodiesel) has stripped the mosaic, thereby reducing the promiscuous culture, and the variety of colors, profiles, suggestive of vegetation that made all the schedule.
The importance of the agricultural landscape had already been highlighted in the vision of Concetto Marchesi, and constituents who followed the debate on Article. 9 (Emilio Lussier, Tristan Codignola, Palmiro Togliatti above). A vision that was beyond the defense, while important, the artistic and cultural values \u200b\u200bas factors in civil and identity, the attempt to recover the history of the "peoples lives," a recognition of value and redemption made to the people, especially the country people, his wit, his knowledge, his fatigue. Behind the lesson by Emilio Sereni but also books of Pavese and Vittorini: stories of men having a conversation with places, with a landscape from which showed not only the super genius, but genius widespread, the National Intelligence - the people, the ingenuity of the work.
There is no doubt - Piero Bevilacqua writes that, among other things, urges us to give life to a general catalog of the Italian agricultural landscape, a recognition that fixed in a great inventory, as in a register of artistic unique and irreproducible The heritage we inherit in the countryside and rural areas of the beautiful country - that the unity of the Italian miracle is largely due to the complexity of the Italian countryside. "To the incomparable variety of natural habitats that the Peninsula is home in her womb - from the Alps to Sicily una continua e degradante varietà di climi, di morfologie, di suoli – si è aggiunta “la molteplicità e stratificazione delle impronte che tante e diverse civiltà hanno lasciato su questa ricchezza biologica”. Ad un “patrimonio incomparabile di piante, di colori, di tipi di vegetazione, si sono sovrapposte, esaltandolo, una varietà di culture, la complessità storica: Greci, Etruschi, Romani, Arabi che vi hanno impresso una impronta ecologica incomparabile fornendo un contributo così ampio di nuove piante, tecniche di coltivazione, forme di piantagioni e recinzioni della terra, modi di captazione e uso dell’acqua, costruzioni e manufatti sparsi, incastonati negli habitat più diversi. Manufatti che hanno un valore artistico speciale, una genialità edificatoria incomparabile: briglie romane, acquedotti, ponti, canali, cisterne, fontane, pozzi; e la stessa architettura rurale, poi lame, canali, gravine, mulini, frantoi, stalle, muretti a secco, terrazzamenti. E le malghe in legno e pietra, ricovero per uomini e animali. E poi le ville e le cascine, piccole cittadelle nel cuore della campagna, dotate a volte di mura di cinta, e le masserie” dove ancora sopravvivono i terrazzamenti e i muretti secco; non solo veri e propri musei dell’agricoltura a cielo aperto , che testimoniano un’età straordinaria del lavoro contadino, ma anche monumenti di una civiltà della natura, se è consentito the oxymoron, a civilization capable of using the device is not in opposition but in harmony and balance with the natural cycles, the elements of the natural time.
This civilization (I think rural life but also to rock civilization) lies now at its lowest. After more than half a century of industrial agriculture, after decades of PAC has made exaggerated pressure production of the ground, more and more intense land reclamation of forests and pastures, contamination of pesticides and fertilizers, overconsumption of water, it appears not only in the mutilated His landscapes, but in its people and its culture. The farmers - considered "remnants of history, destined to disappear with archaic figures the progress of development and modernity - there are almost no more, transformed into "farmers" are directly connected to the global market rate and the fatality of a monocultural and quantitative growth. Just as there are no longer their values, their world of relationships. Luigi Lombardi Satriani teaches us, the loss of biodiversity of flora and fauna here than ever before and anticipates a loss and social anthropology, and supports the loss of a sense of community. A new issue of the South is advancing, one that sees the first of anomie, social disintegration, then the cultural colonization, the loss of their own language, its own myths of diversity. While all the girls are called Deborah, Roxana and Samantha, the grandmothers die or cease to tell fairy tales, great stories of the genius loci.
Faced with this catastrophe the democratic government can not find shortcuts. Sure is good to make a series of roads that limit the immediate disappearance of the agricultural landscape. For example, the establishment of the national territory Ecomuseums with the intent to preserve and enhance the complexity of the tangible and intangible evidence of the rural world and able to reactivate the complex web of relationships that characterize a given community, to use their traditions and knowledge local, to promote a self-reliant development and local (Important, in this sense, the two laws passed by the Regione Piemonte (Act 31 of 1995) and Friuli (Act 148 of 2006). Or even the creation of multifunctional agricultural parks to help with funding sources to enable multi-sector aid for the various technical aspects of production of public goods and services by farmers. Also important is the full implementation of the Convention in Kiev on incentives for agricultural areas with high natural value. And finally, it is important to the spread of a common product that supports a market for quality, biological, linking the product to the context (the British who drink Chianti, drinking the image of the land).
But it is mainly an overall revitalization of agriculture that should be targeted, understanding it as a complex relationship between nature and society, both with regard to the sphere of economic productivity than that of the anthropological and ecological wealth. Repeats as the Federation of Paysans Travailleurs, which launched in France the debate on the possibility to create a modern agriculture in society and attentive to the planet as humans, agricultural activity expresses a system of techniques and relationships that have long coexisted with the nature of our time more wisely. Techniques are not obsolete and not be creating museums - as you know Pietro Laureano, architect the archetypes that is currently working on an atlas of traditional knowledge commissioned by UNESCO -, traditional knowledge related to the oldest of the communities, local materials, building systems, water saving, energy, soil that may be the envy to sophisticated technology and thus have a charge entirely futuristic. We have had evidence advocating the recovery of a roof tank (restored in Matera in 2006 thanks to the volunteer work of about twenty workers) that re-creates a system of collection and storage of surface water once widespread in the farms of the Murgia and still quite exemplary: an intervention that is part of a European project di più ampio respiro scientifico – il progetto Shaduf, realizzato da Ipogea – che ha l’obiettivo di studiare e riattualizzare tutti i sistemi di raccolta d’acqua in tutta l’area mediterranea, attraverso l’utilizzo dei saperi tradizionali .
Il rilancio dell’agricoltura – di una agricoltura ecologica – prevede anche il rilancio di un’etica. La terra, come l’acqua e come l’energia, appartiene infatti a quei “beni comuni” che sono patrimonio dell’intera umanità, anzi dell’intera vita. Per questo abbiamo istituito presso questo Sottosegretariato, un gruppo di lavoro capace di elaborare una nuova legge di tutela degli usi civici, che si impegnasse a mantenere questa forma originale di possesso della terra affidandola alla comunità custode. E’ questa una prassi nata in epoca medioevale che prevedeva per la popolazione la possibilità consuetudinaria di trarre utilità dalla terra, dai boschi e dalle acque e che ha trovato configurazione giuridica in una Legge del 16 giugno 1927 (legge n. 1766) che censiva e stabiliva in qualche modo i diritti di “proprietà collettiva” al fine di consentire una coerenza con il regime di proprietà privata. Oggi questa legge va decisamente aggiornata sia alla luce del nuovo dibattito sul possedere – il “bene comune” - , sia nei criteri di gestione e nell’allargamento delle forme di partecipazione, sia nella tutela ambientale (si tratta per lo più di zone montane, veri e propri patrimoni di biodiversità), sia nelle modalità di contrasto dei processi in atto di alienazione e di speculazione.
Il paesaggio vuoto.
Il grande antropologo Ernesto De Martino ne La fine del mondo racconta di quando, durante un viaggio in Calabria nei pressi di Morcellinaria, chiese ad un giovane contadino di indicargli la strada provinciale che aveva smarrito. Il giovane gentilmente lo accompagnò per un tratto in macchina fuori dal paese ma, man mano che la macchina si allontanava e che aumentava la distanza dalle ultime case, cominciò a girare frequentemente la testa all’indietro e ad avere veri e propri attacchi di panico. Interrogato da De Martino rispondeva di be left bewildered by not seeing the bell tower of Morcellinaria. A real "crisis of presence", the terrible distress (anxiety territorial De Martino calls it) of those who, having lost their points of reference, could the "end of the world, apocalypse culture, the Non- be more-identity.
The episode refers to the landscape seen again but this time in an old-fashioned look, as psychological support. It assumes that the value attributed to Marc Augé "place", a space that is never a container, a mere external physical nor a mental representation is but one component of the mental health and affective, the guarantee of an "ecology of the ego." The man takes him on as a kind of invisible, even when the placenta is a nomad, even when some or flees: the Bedouin of the desert, for example, that each new arrival to set up the tent and covered with stained carpets in the house origin (hence, among other things, comes the belief of the "flying carpet"). And so my grandmother immigrated to the metropolis of the North that is quick to set up an arrival at the shrine of trinkets, photographs and icons, symbols of the country from which they were uprooted.
The site thus provides a space where there is conversation with the territory of the links are there, a sense of belonging, value of the root. But the place as the relational space where we rediscover a sense and a nationality. Place as may be, for example, the native country, a treasure chest for keeping the magic of childhood ties sweet smells of the kitchen of her grandmother, her mother's arms and her tongue. Place as the "Wild Strawberries", the neighborhood that hosted the games, the bench of kisses and first loves. Place as the hotel where a new hybridization tells stories escaped the wreck. Place as the site of the divinity of the Protecting Powers, the good dead place like the place "holy" to be left untouched because, as in the wonderful film by Herzog, can still go to sleep the ancient gods, the "Green Ants." This
place to fulfill his task is not necessarily beautiful, nor particularly rich in art or history. Better if the sea or the forest as a backdrop, but even if it is only a stone or a fountain or a cliff, the same, somehow, must be protected because it delete it or change it abruptly would offend the ego, stop a conversation by giving the the anxiety that can lead to frustration if not, at worst, a disaster. The change must therefore contain elements of recognition, in which the individual, says Patrick Resta, always be perceived as a party game. Each transformation ie it must be legible and able to maintain - in addition to the forms of the invention, the materials, size - some anthropological constants that refer to the basic needs of living: the relationship with nature, the symbolism of the center, the quality of the common play area, religious, communication, the presence of the void. We assert the importance of the void. We continue to fill in a vacuous sort of horror that believes that what is built is a nonsense and that leads to a willingness to urbanization must be infinite. There is definitely behind the deal but also the injury anthropocentric.
Homo filler and blacksmith must be stopped, it should be treated questa sua pulsione - una vera e propria “pulsione di morte” - che giudica “depresse” o inutili tutte quelle aree che non partecipano all’economicismo e alla funzionalità dello sviluppo. E’ una pulsione che non solo stravolge il simbolismo dei luoghi ma che consente anche la proliferazione di metastasi, di non-luoghi, di spazi senza identità, spazi senza comunità, che si possono solo attraversare. Essi dominano ormai le strade di Italia, dipanandosi in un reticolo di centri commerciali (480 solo nel 2006), capannoni industriali (7550 sempre nel 2006) , pale eoliche (2575 sempre nel 2006). Per non parlare poi dei tracciati dell’alta velocità, di linee elettriche, svincoli, aree di rifornimento, parcheggi, terreni vaghi simili a discariche: scenari all’americana, figli di una “monocultura paesaggistica” quasi sempre violentemente estranea alla configurazione dei territori attraversati, priva delle memorie artistiche, delle culture, degli ecosistemi e carica invece delle immagini seriali costantemente veicolate dalla televisione e dai films (immagini che per questo finiscono di imporsi quasi come una consuetudine, (come accade già, avverte Mario Salomone, “nell’informe metastasi della pianura lombardo-veneta: un disordinato susseguirsi di capannoni, autostrade, centri commerciali, villette di un incipiente urban sprawl).
Scenari monotoni e ripetitivi di costruzioni che non solo affollano le città as never (one thousand have been cases of aggression against which we intervened edificatoria: Savona, where an architect "supermodernity" wants to build a votive of the rock megagrattacielo Madonnetta at Otranto, where the Navy wants to bury under a handful of houses the Lighthouse of Punta Palascia), but that fill what remains of open spaces, green spaces, those who still remained just "empty". Over the past fifteen years, according to ISTAT data reported in a complaint of the Italian Committee for the beauty, were devoured by the cement over 3 million 663 thousand hectares of green - two hundred and forty thousand acres annually - an area equal to Lazio and Abruzzo, with a use of land unparalleled in Europe. The first threat comes from private homes (331,000 in 2005), all of them expensive and valuable areas, second and third homes that have not decreased at all the housing crisis and that, in a sign of that speculation is now being called "real estate development" have offended not only the coastal landscape but also the internal (valleys, hills, vineyards as Pienza, as Monticchiello). There is no text
the "southern question" and Liguria (already distorted from ports and harbors), the region that has most eaten into building and a continuing assault on the territory that, for the first time, is entirely lawful. Because if it is true that this phase of intense building was opened and allowed a season of abuse and amnesties, from deregulation that has upset and cleared of any law of environmental protection, urban planning, the state, by a "securitization" erected in the system (the fruits of the previous government inauspicious ), it is also true that something does not work in ordinary legislation. Starting with the municipalities, a strong delegation to the protection afforded them the landscape in some regions - which, in turn, had seen due to the discipline of land use including all aspects cognitive, regulatory and management and protection Environment and DPR 616 of 1977 - have gone to look for new revenues of urbanization dilatando i permessi di lottizzazione e creando così una vera e propria emergenza nazionale
Nel denunciare questo sacco senza precedenti, il Ministro Rutelli ha preparato una rivisitazione del Codice dei Beni Culturali (DLgs 42/2004), proprio nella parte che riguarda sia il patrimonio culturale che i beni paesaggistici (le ultime modifiche sono state approvate qualche settimana fa). Forte anche di una sentenza della Corte Costituzionale (la 367, del 7 novembre 2006), che ribadisce che “il paesaggio, considerato un valore primario e assoluto, rientra nella competenza prevalente dello Stato”, la nuova stesura rivendica una maggiore presenza dello Stato nella gestione del paesaggio sottoposto a tutela esercitandola in due maniere: quella (cara a Salvatore Settis) della tradizionale procedura vincolistica che affida un potere vincolante ai pareri dei Sovrintendenti su pianificazione, autorizzazioni e controlli; e quella invece più nuova e forse efficace (cara a Edoardo Salzano) che sollecita le Regioni ad attivare intese di copianificazione con le Amministrazioni dello Stato (il Ministero dei Beni Culturali e il Ministero dell’Ambiente), al fine di redigere Piani paesaggistici in cui vengano precisati con ampiezza i contenuti e gli strumenti della tutela e in cui vengano coinvolte non solo le istituzioni ma le popolazioni.
Il fine dei Piani Paesaggistici – rispetto ai quali stiamo elaborando delle Linee Guida generali - è quello di una “tutela dinamica” che starts precisely from the place of consciousness fielded by the European Convention: a route that involves individual responsibility, aesthetics, participatory processes, feelings of identity, values \u200b\u200band a community environmental education that takes place both in schools and "open air" ( Please refer to the text "Alphabets green" published on paper, 29 August 2007).
Paesaggio e identità nazionale
Sono pagine bellissime quelle in cui un grande poeta europeo, Wolfang Goethe, racconta il suo viaggio in Italia, un viaggio a piedi e lento da Milano a Palermo. In Italia, ci dice il grande poeta romantico, c’è like magic, a miracle which falls from the beautiful city and works of art: there is the uniqueness of a landscape made possible by a remarkable interweaving of an extraordinary nature - gentle valleys, rich vegetation, mild in climate - and a culture and history that have been able to act as "second nature", or as a system of human gestures that mimics and enhances but does not attack the "first" nature. Natural species, the geographical environments and peoples lives have found a contamination and a merger, resulting in a mosaic from which the villas of Lucca, the elaborate gardens, fields and gardens populated with homes and olive groves as well as the backgrounds of beautiful paintings Leonardo, Tiziano, Giorgione painting events in which the human in the foreground seems to spring from the trees, rocks, storm horizon. Thanks to this miracle Italy throughout the nineteenth century was a popular destination of the "Grand Tour", a privileged place for a training experience that involved the intellectual aristocracy of Europe: poets, writers and, especially, the "Best of Youth" . Beauty, memory, and this extraordinary harmony, this rich biodiversity of nature and culture, magnificent even when it was discovered that later, clerics and educated travelers increasingly shifted routes to the south, a "south of desire," come scrisse Friedrich Nietzsche, dove le asprezze, le rigidità e qualche conformismo della mitteleuropa si spezzavamo di fronte al chiarore del sole, all’azzurro del mare, ritrovando gioia, sensualità, nuova vitalità. Un Sud sulle cui sponde arrivavano le spezie, gli odori, i colori dell’Africa, dove la musica era malinconia araba, dove il fuoco e le nevi dell’Etna rammentavano la Grecia, dove ogni antro, ogni fiume, ogni foresta nascondevano una ninfa o una sirena, rappresentando una inedita ospitalità, una capacità di meticciato, il duplice valore di chi, consapevole di una identità, sa colloquiare con la differenza.
Fu certo per questo che Concetto Marchesi, il grande latinista e studioso the classical world, a noble of the Fathers of the Italian Communist movement, fought to enter the Constituent Assembly, the assets protected by the Republic, the landscape. In a memorable debate that lasted more than six months and that saw him clash with the Hon. Clerici quipped that the excessive emphasis on the theme, Marchesi motivated commitment to protection of the new Republic (and hence the inclusion in the Constitution of what was then Article 9), emphasizing that it was not just a demand for beautiful souls turned to aesthetic purposes (in the law of '39 was part of the landscape even in the category of "natural beauty), but a battle for identity, Defence of the highest civic values. In fact, the landscape could be based on a new ethical ideas of community, the idea of \u200b\u200ba harmonious and cohesive country not by military but by the fascist heritage and memorial left by the Fathers.
After nearly fifty years, aware of the dangers of anomie, accreditation, Americanization put in place by the great uprooting, which is inherent in the processes of globalization, the European Union back on this idea of \u200b\u200blandscape as a foundation of community of member countries. In turning a document - The European Landscape Convention Council of Europe (2000), ratified by Italy in 2004 - and starting with a definition entirely new landscape seen as "part of a territory, as perceived by the people, whose characters are the result of natural and human actions and their relationships" (a 'systemic idea that, by focusing on the two concepts " social perception of the landscape "and" Environment ", can bind the natural landscapes and cultural landscapes are linked to the social community), emphasizes the need to establish the region as one of the" original property "of the Old Continent to give legal recognition to: a "common good" to be protected as an essential component of people's living environment, the expression of diversity of their shared cultural and natural heritage and foundation of their identity "(art. 5).
The natural landscape and beauty
The word "landscape", reminds us Luisa Bones, is a word that in European languages, is marked by a singular ambivalence. It designates both the territory and its representation charged with aesthetic values. This makes the landscape, across the modern tradition, was understood not as an "environment", or "a combination of trees and hills, streams and stones," but as a "cultural form", even a "symbolic form", to quote George Simmel (Philosophy of the landscape, 1912), or an outdoor space that is, yes, but at the same time, in part, to the unconscious wish, the dream-like feeling, the soul itself of an individual or a civilization. What is it in fact is so the look, the visual and subjective value (usually the beauty). No coincidence that the window is the privileged point of view in paintings: the window that delimits what, at the same time, nature and vision.
Coming mainly from a philosophical matrix, also the Italian tradition of landscape protection has put his ideas on the preservation of contemplation and an appreciation of beauty. In this sense it was the first law designed to protect the countryside (the 778 of 11 June 1922), submitted in 1920 by the philosopher Benedetto Croce, then Minister of Education last Giolitti government. Cross, recalling the need to defend and emphasizing the natural and artistic beauty of Italy and to the moral grounds of "public economy", took the landscape as a "view", making the material and visible representation of the country, the "face beloved homeland. " And the law Bottai, which is characterized crusaders, identified to protect the landscape "with the natural beauty considered as key and so those points of view or of viewpoints available to the public from which to enjoy the spectacle of such beauty "(Act June 29, 1939, n.1497, Article 1).
Moreover, the model vedutistico of landscape as a "lookout" and "panorama", works especially in Italy because of the quality of his "first" nature. It just shows it with the characters of beauty and the sublime: that is, as Kant teaches us, harmony, dell'apollineo of measured. It 's a nature that they can embrace with her eyes, calm and friendly, but also varies so reassuring and well governed by man. A female nature that is both attractive and generous mother, as part of Leonardo che abbiamo scelto in epigrafe: fruttifera e rotonda, come le uova; morbida anche fra gli alberi, nel verde, che si presenta non sotto le sembianze della foresta misteriosa e illegale o del bosco selvatico e oscuro, ma del “giardino italiano”. Essa parla di una biodiversità assoluta che però, dalla montagna alpina, densa di pascoli e frutteti, agli Appennini fitti di boschi misti di rovere, lecci e castagni, alla boscaglia maremmana, mantiene un andamento dolce e familiare anche quando si rivolge al Sud, formando un paesaggio di alberi educato e profumato: mandorli, fichi, noci, ulivi grandi come sculture umanizzate e avvolte nell’odore caldo e sensuale dei limoni e delle zagare.
Questo paesaggio naturale is now protected for about 20% from an ecological network of protected areas, reserves, special protection areas and sites of Community interest. Appreciation for classic beauty, has been added in recent years, it has committed to protection, even a tradition that has underlying ecological thinking, and that means the beauty - as he explains Giuseppe Prestipino - as "the singularity that extends into all to find balance, friendship, ontological commonality of all living beings, the beauty so common as belonging to the "Great Chain of Being," a constellation where the man (human animal) intertwines his life with other lives, "with the beautiful famiglia” di vite delle piante, delle stelle, degli altri animali. Tale tradizione ha trovato la sua migliore affermazione nella Legge 394 del 1991 sulle “aree naturali protette” intese come valori intrinseci, “valori in sé” avulsi dal criterio dell’utile (o dell’economico, del vantaggioso, del salubre) da consegnare come tali alle future generazioni.
La legge 394 ha portato alla costituzione in sistema dei primi parchi nazionali e ha indicato modi nuovi e forme avanzate di gestione (le “comunità del parco”) per la conservazione dei grandi paesaggi naturali: veri e propri Paradisi, scenari incontaminati di bellezza in cui può ancora sopravvivere una parte di Natura sottratta alla manipolazione umana e destinata alla contemplazione (una contemplazione viva, fatta di passeggiate e godimento e osservazione e studio e gioco). Ad essa si sono poi aggiunte la Direttiva Habitat del ’92 – che assume gli impegni di Rio di protezione della biodiversità - e il D.P.R. di recepimento n.357 del 1997 che, proteggendo i corridoi ecologici, le piste per le migrazioni, le enclaves delle specie, ha contribuito in qualche modo a difendere anche il paesaggio naturale. Come anche fa l’ultimo Decreto Ministeriale (frutto della passione ecologica di questo Governo) sui “Criteri minimi uniformi per la definizione di misure di conservazione relative a Zone speciali di conservazione e Zone di protezione speciale”, del 17 ottobre 2007), a decree strongly opposed by lobbies hunters, owners of quarries and the new business of wind power.
Although this has not mitigated the risk of decay for the whole of the Italian landscape. Which is losing many of the same features that have made recognizable through the centuries. First, it is dramatically simplified, losing a lot of the biodiversity that set him apart from other European countries and the world. Some data provided by Agnoletti Mauro, coordinator of the Commission on the landscape created in the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, in some hilly areas of Tuscany, where up to all 800, in an area of \u200b\u200babout mille ettari si potevano contare almeno 24 tipi di seminativi erborati, 25 tipi fra pascoli e prati, 6 tipi di boschi, per un totale di 65 usi diversi del suolo organizzati in circa 600 tessere di un ricchissimo mosaico paesaggistico, ora ce ne sono solo 18”. Ciò è accaduto perché fuori dai parchi e dalle zone protette è avvenuto uno scempio e il sistema della tutela basato sulla bellezza e sulla conservazione della natura ha rivelato le sue maggiori inadempienze.
Esso infatti non si è occupato del cosiddetto “paesaggio minore”, il paesaggio che non corrisponde al canone di eccellenza estetica o monumentale, né presenta un particolare pregio naturale, ma comunque ha a che fare con la sicurezza idrogeologica, con reproduction of natural resources, with the context of cities, with their responsiveness to the genius loci. Perceived as a mere environment, this type of landscape is attacked every day from the waste, the cement industry, the criminal fires, by wind farms, industrial real power, thanks to the perverse mechanism of green certificates will thrive even without a paddle wind. So much to suggest, as argued by Alberto Magnaghi, in Italy there is "a kind of dual system: one part where small portions of land are preserved as museum exhibits Nature (parks, protected areas, biotopes) and history (monuments centers, historical, archaeological), other large portions of territory where the rules provide for the systematic destruction of Nature and History. "
The Code of Cultural Heritage and Landscape can overcome this gap. It, among other things, provides a new leading role of the Ministry of Environment, which called to copianificare with the Regions and the Ministry of Culture on the landscape, can claim to protect and recover, together with excellent landscapes, including natural landscapes degraded landscapes posturbani, former rural landscapes, landscapes where you hit all these years in the worst of the model of production and consumption. In this sense we are working on a series of initiatives to protect the countryside, "child" (draft recovery blades and tracks, recovery of swallow, neviere, tanks, extension of the ravine in the park, requisition of abandoned military areas). Among these is particularly dear to the one linked to the project "Mediterranean ideal" that provides for the recovery of five lights (in Otranto, Genoa, Tunis, Gibraltar, Alexandria) from a museum ethos of friendship and the Mediterranean. It 'an international project that looks to Italy but to provide an alternative model to the intended use of the Agency-owned property for 200 Italian lighthouses that, without concessions to private property, they would become centers of hotels or restaurants.
3. The agricultural landscape. In
"landscape less" we can also classify the agricultural landscape, which he held until recently most of the Italian territory. In fact it is equally neglected. The loss of biodiversity and the complexity of the magnificent Italian garden is due to the fact that the rural landscape has dramatically simplified: a phenomenon caused by the massive industrial agriculture proceed, requiring specialized crops (monocultures: wheat, corn, soy, and now, rapeseed and sunflower oil to make biodiesel) has stripped the mosaic, thereby reducing the promiscuous culture, and the variety of colors, profiles, suggestive of vegetation that made all the schedule.
The importance of the agricultural landscape had already been highlighted in the vision of Concetto Marchesi, and constituents who followed the debate on Article. 9 (Emilio Lussier, Tristan Codignola, Palmiro Togliatti above). A vision that was beyond the defense, while important, the artistic and cultural values \u200b\u200bas factors in civil and identity, the attempt to recover the history of the "peoples lives," a recognition of value and redemption made to the people, especially the country people, his wit, his knowledge, his fatigue. Behind the lesson by Emilio Sereni but also books of Pavese and Vittorini: stories of men having a conversation with places, with a landscape from which showed not only the super genius, but genius widespread, the National Intelligence - the people, the ingenuity of the work.
There is no doubt - Piero Bevilacqua writes that, among other things, urges us to give life to a general catalog of the Italian agricultural landscape, a recognition that fixed in a great inventory, as in a register of artistic unique and irreproducible The heritage we inherit in the countryside and rural areas of the beautiful country - that the unity of the Italian miracle is largely due to the complexity of the Italian countryside. "To the incomparable variety of natural habitats that the Peninsula is home in her womb - from the Alps to Sicily una continua e degradante varietà di climi, di morfologie, di suoli – si è aggiunta “la molteplicità e stratificazione delle impronte che tante e diverse civiltà hanno lasciato su questa ricchezza biologica”. Ad un “patrimonio incomparabile di piante, di colori, di tipi di vegetazione, si sono sovrapposte, esaltandolo, una varietà di culture, la complessità storica: Greci, Etruschi, Romani, Arabi che vi hanno impresso una impronta ecologica incomparabile fornendo un contributo così ampio di nuove piante, tecniche di coltivazione, forme di piantagioni e recinzioni della terra, modi di captazione e uso dell’acqua, costruzioni e manufatti sparsi, incastonati negli habitat più diversi. Manufatti che hanno un valore artistico speciale, una genialità edificatoria incomparabile: briglie romane, acquedotti, ponti, canali, cisterne, fontane, pozzi; e la stessa architettura rurale, poi lame, canali, gravine, mulini, frantoi, stalle, muretti a secco, terrazzamenti. E le malghe in legno e pietra, ricovero per uomini e animali. E poi le ville e le cascine, piccole cittadelle nel cuore della campagna, dotate a volte di mura di cinta, e le masserie” dove ancora sopravvivono i terrazzamenti e i muretti secco; non solo veri e propri musei dell’agricoltura a cielo aperto , che testimoniano un’età straordinaria del lavoro contadino, ma anche monumenti di una civiltà della natura, se è consentito the oxymoron, a civilization capable of using the device is not in opposition but in harmony and balance with the natural cycles, the elements of the natural time.
This civilization (I think rural life but also to rock civilization) lies now at its lowest. After more than half a century of industrial agriculture, after decades of PAC has made exaggerated pressure production of the ground, more and more intense land reclamation of forests and pastures, contamination of pesticides and fertilizers, overconsumption of water, it appears not only in the mutilated His landscapes, but in its people and its culture. The farmers - considered "remnants of history, destined to disappear with archaic figures the progress of development and modernity - there are almost no more, transformed into "farmers" are directly connected to the global market rate and the fatality of a monocultural and quantitative growth. Just as there are no longer their values, their world of relationships. Luigi Lombardi Satriani teaches us, the loss of biodiversity of flora and fauna here than ever before and anticipates a loss and social anthropology, and supports the loss of a sense of community. A new issue of the South is advancing, one that sees the first of anomie, social disintegration, then the cultural colonization, the loss of their own language, its own myths of diversity. While all the girls are called Deborah, Roxana and Samantha, the grandmothers die or cease to tell fairy tales, great stories of the genius loci.
Faced with this catastrophe the democratic government can not find shortcuts. Sure is good to make a series of roads that limit the immediate disappearance of the agricultural landscape. For example, the establishment of the national territory Ecomuseums with the intent to preserve and enhance the complexity of the tangible and intangible evidence of the rural world and able to reactivate the complex web of relationships that characterize a given community, to use their traditions and knowledge local, to promote a self-reliant development and local (Important, in this sense, the two laws passed by the Regione Piemonte (Act 31 of 1995) and Friuli (Act 148 of 2006). Or even the creation of multifunctional agricultural parks to help with funding sources to enable multi-sector aid for the various technical aspects of production of public goods and services by farmers. Also important is the full implementation of the Convention in Kiev on incentives for agricultural areas with high natural value. And finally, it is important to the spread of a common product that supports a market for quality, biological, linking the product to the context (the British who drink Chianti, drinking the image of the land).
But it is mainly an overall revitalization of agriculture that should be targeted, understanding it as a complex relationship between nature and society, both with regard to the sphere of economic productivity than that of the anthropological and ecological wealth. Repeats as the Federation of Paysans Travailleurs, which launched in France the debate on the possibility to create a modern agriculture in society and attentive to the planet as humans, agricultural activity expresses a system of techniques and relationships that have long coexisted with the nature of our time more wisely. Techniques are not obsolete and not be creating museums - as you know Pietro Laureano, architect the archetypes that is currently working on an atlas of traditional knowledge commissioned by UNESCO -, traditional knowledge related to the oldest of the communities, local materials, building systems, water saving, energy, soil that may be the envy to sophisticated technology and thus have a charge entirely futuristic. We have had evidence advocating the recovery of a roof tank (restored in Matera in 2006 thanks to the volunteer work of about twenty workers) that re-creates a system of collection and storage of surface water once widespread in the farms of the Murgia and still quite exemplary: an intervention that is part of a European project di più ampio respiro scientifico – il progetto Shaduf, realizzato da Ipogea – che ha l’obiettivo di studiare e riattualizzare tutti i sistemi di raccolta d’acqua in tutta l’area mediterranea, attraverso l’utilizzo dei saperi tradizionali .
Il rilancio dell’agricoltura – di una agricoltura ecologica – prevede anche il rilancio di un’etica. La terra, come l’acqua e come l’energia, appartiene infatti a quei “beni comuni” che sono patrimonio dell’intera umanità, anzi dell’intera vita. Per questo abbiamo istituito presso questo Sottosegretariato, un gruppo di lavoro capace di elaborare una nuova legge di tutela degli usi civici, che si impegnasse a mantenere questa forma originale di possesso della terra affidandola alla comunità custode. E’ questa una prassi nata in epoca medioevale che prevedeva per la popolazione la possibilità consuetudinaria di trarre utilità dalla terra, dai boschi e dalle acque e che ha trovato configurazione giuridica in una Legge del 16 giugno 1927 (legge n. 1766) che censiva e stabiliva in qualche modo i diritti di “proprietà collettiva” al fine di consentire una coerenza con il regime di proprietà privata. Oggi questa legge va decisamente aggiornata sia alla luce del nuovo dibattito sul possedere – il “bene comune” - , sia nei criteri di gestione e nell’allargamento delle forme di partecipazione, sia nella tutela ambientale (si tratta per lo più di zone montane, veri e propri patrimoni di biodiversità), sia nelle modalità di contrasto dei processi in atto di alienazione e di speculazione.
Il paesaggio vuoto.
Il grande antropologo Ernesto De Martino ne La fine del mondo racconta di quando, durante un viaggio in Calabria nei pressi di Morcellinaria, chiese ad un giovane contadino di indicargli la strada provinciale che aveva smarrito. Il giovane gentilmente lo accompagnò per un tratto in macchina fuori dal paese ma, man mano che la macchina si allontanava e che aumentava la distanza dalle ultime case, cominciò a girare frequentemente la testa all’indietro e ad avere veri e propri attacchi di panico. Interrogato da De Martino rispondeva di be left bewildered by not seeing the bell tower of Morcellinaria. A real "crisis of presence", the terrible distress (anxiety territorial De Martino calls it) of those who, having lost their points of reference, could the "end of the world, apocalypse culture, the Non- be more-identity.
The episode refers to the landscape seen again but this time in an old-fashioned look, as psychological support. It assumes that the value attributed to Marc Augé "place", a space that is never a container, a mere external physical nor a mental representation is but one component of the mental health and affective, the guarantee of an "ecology of the ego." The man takes him on as a kind of invisible, even when the placenta is a nomad, even when some or flees: the Bedouin of the desert, for example, that each new arrival to set up the tent and covered with stained carpets in the house origin (hence, among other things, comes the belief of the "flying carpet"). And so my grandmother immigrated to the metropolis of the North that is quick to set up an arrival at the shrine of trinkets, photographs and icons, symbols of the country from which they were uprooted.
The site thus provides a space where there is conversation with the territory of the links are there, a sense of belonging, value of the root. But the place as the relational space where we rediscover a sense and a nationality. Place as may be, for example, the native country, a treasure chest for keeping the magic of childhood ties sweet smells of the kitchen of her grandmother, her mother's arms and her tongue. Place as the "Wild Strawberries", the neighborhood that hosted the games, the bench of kisses and first loves. Place as the hotel where a new hybridization tells stories escaped the wreck. Place as the site of the divinity of the Protecting Powers, the good dead place like the place "holy" to be left untouched because, as in the wonderful film by Herzog, can still go to sleep the ancient gods, the "Green Ants." This
place to fulfill his task is not necessarily beautiful, nor particularly rich in art or history. Better if the sea or the forest as a backdrop, but even if it is only a stone or a fountain or a cliff, the same, somehow, must be protected because it delete it or change it abruptly would offend the ego, stop a conversation by giving the the anxiety that can lead to frustration if not, at worst, a disaster. The change must therefore contain elements of recognition, in which the individual, says Patrick Resta, always be perceived as a party game. Each transformation ie it must be legible and able to maintain - in addition to the forms of the invention, the materials, size - some anthropological constants that refer to the basic needs of living: the relationship with nature, the symbolism of the center, the quality of the common play area, religious, communication, the presence of the void. We assert the importance of the void. We continue to fill in a vacuous sort of horror that believes that what is built is a nonsense and that leads to a willingness to urbanization must be infinite. There is definitely behind the deal but also the injury anthropocentric.
Homo filler and blacksmith must be stopped, it should be treated questa sua pulsione - una vera e propria “pulsione di morte” - che giudica “depresse” o inutili tutte quelle aree che non partecipano all’economicismo e alla funzionalità dello sviluppo. E’ una pulsione che non solo stravolge il simbolismo dei luoghi ma che consente anche la proliferazione di metastasi, di non-luoghi, di spazi senza identità, spazi senza comunità, che si possono solo attraversare. Essi dominano ormai le strade di Italia, dipanandosi in un reticolo di centri commerciali (480 solo nel 2006), capannoni industriali (7550 sempre nel 2006) , pale eoliche (2575 sempre nel 2006). Per non parlare poi dei tracciati dell’alta velocità, di linee elettriche, svincoli, aree di rifornimento, parcheggi, terreni vaghi simili a discariche: scenari all’americana, figli di una “monocultura paesaggistica” quasi sempre violentemente estranea alla configurazione dei territori attraversati, priva delle memorie artistiche, delle culture, degli ecosistemi e carica invece delle immagini seriali costantemente veicolate dalla televisione e dai films (immagini che per questo finiscono di imporsi quasi come una consuetudine, (come accade già, avverte Mario Salomone, “nell’informe metastasi della pianura lombardo-veneta: un disordinato susseguirsi di capannoni, autostrade, centri commerciali, villette di un incipiente urban sprawl).
Scenari monotoni e ripetitivi di costruzioni che non solo affollano le città as never (one thousand have been cases of aggression against which we intervened edificatoria: Savona, where an architect "supermodernity" wants to build a votive of the rock megagrattacielo Madonnetta at Otranto, where the Navy wants to bury under a handful of houses the Lighthouse of Punta Palascia), but that fill what remains of open spaces, green spaces, those who still remained just "empty". Over the past fifteen years, according to ISTAT data reported in a complaint of the Italian Committee for the beauty, were devoured by the cement over 3 million 663 thousand hectares of green - two hundred and forty thousand acres annually - an area equal to Lazio and Abruzzo, with a use of land unparalleled in Europe. The first threat comes from private homes (331,000 in 2005), all of them expensive and valuable areas, second and third homes that have not decreased at all the housing crisis and that, in a sign of that speculation is now being called "real estate development" have offended not only the coastal landscape but also the internal (valleys, hills, vineyards as Pienza, as Monticchiello). There is no text
the "southern question" and Liguria (already distorted from ports and harbors), the region that has most eaten into building and a continuing assault on the territory that, for the first time, is entirely lawful. Because if it is true that this phase of intense building was opened and allowed a season of abuse and amnesties, from deregulation that has upset and cleared of any law of environmental protection, urban planning, the state, by a "securitization" erected in the system (the fruits of the previous government inauspicious ), it is also true that something does not work in ordinary legislation. Starting with the municipalities, a strong delegation to the protection afforded them the landscape in some regions - which, in turn, had seen due to the discipline of land use including all aspects cognitive, regulatory and management and protection Environment and DPR 616 of 1977 - have gone to look for new revenues of urbanization dilatando i permessi di lottizzazione e creando così una vera e propria emergenza nazionale
Nel denunciare questo sacco senza precedenti, il Ministro Rutelli ha preparato una rivisitazione del Codice dei Beni Culturali (DLgs 42/2004), proprio nella parte che riguarda sia il patrimonio culturale che i beni paesaggistici (le ultime modifiche sono state approvate qualche settimana fa). Forte anche di una sentenza della Corte Costituzionale (la 367, del 7 novembre 2006), che ribadisce che “il paesaggio, considerato un valore primario e assoluto, rientra nella competenza prevalente dello Stato”, la nuova stesura rivendica una maggiore presenza dello Stato nella gestione del paesaggio sottoposto a tutela esercitandola in due maniere: quella (cara a Salvatore Settis) della tradizionale procedura vincolistica che affida un potere vincolante ai pareri dei Sovrintendenti su pianificazione, autorizzazioni e controlli; e quella invece più nuova e forse efficace (cara a Edoardo Salzano) che sollecita le Regioni ad attivare intese di copianificazione con le Amministrazioni dello Stato (il Ministero dei Beni Culturali e il Ministero dell’Ambiente), al fine di redigere Piani paesaggistici in cui vengano precisati con ampiezza i contenuti e gli strumenti della tutela e in cui vengano coinvolte non solo le istituzioni ma le popolazioni.
Il fine dei Piani Paesaggistici – rispetto ai quali stiamo elaborando delle Linee Guida generali - è quello di una “tutela dinamica” che starts precisely from the place of consciousness fielded by the European Convention: a route that involves individual responsibility, aesthetics, participatory processes, feelings of identity, values \u200b\u200band a community environmental education that takes place both in schools and "open air" ( Please refer to the text "Alphabets green" published on paper, 29 August 2007).
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